ENGLISH COURSES

 

English 7

The seventh grade English course will provide the basics as a means toward becoming a better reader and communicator.  We will review sentence and the four types according to purpose and provide an understanding of the eight parts of speech and the correct usage of verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.  Students will use the writing process to compose a description, an informative paper, a personal narrative, and poetry in response to, or as follow-up to, selections of short stories, poetry, and at least one novel.

Reading / Study Skills

Reading / Study Skills is a seventh grade level reading class.  Basic study skills are taught which include textbook comprehension strategies, Cornell note taking format, time management, SQ3R, listening skills, and test-taking strategies.  Each student produces a personalized study skills booklet.  Trade books of the student’s own choosing are read and tested for comprehension by use of the Accelerated Reader computer program on an ongoing basis, and this comprises one-half of the student’s reading grade.  Ten minutes of sustained silent reading is incorporated into every day’s lesson.


Plot, theme, characterization, point of view, literary techniques, figurative language, and vocabulary instruction are integral to lessons taught through medians of short stories, plays, classic novels, poems, videos, fables, etc.  An extensive classic mythology unit, with emphasis on the literary heritage and etymology is presented, as is exposure to expository texts in all content areas.

Reading, writing, thinking, and speaking -- whether in cooperative learning groups, whole class, or individually -- are required and discussions with emphasis on higher level thinking skills are integral to the course.

Basic identification of and prevention of reading problems through remedial services are offered.

Advanced English 7

Advanced English 7 is an accelerated course which incorporates both the English 7 curriculum and acceleration in reading comprehension, writing, and analytical and critical thinking skills.

English 8

English 8 emphasizes the structure of the English language and how the parts of speech, phrases, and clauses fit into the structure.  Correct punctuation and capitalization is reviewed and should be used in all students writing.  Four types of essay writing are introduced (descriptive, narrative, expository, and persuasive).  Literature studied includes the short story, the novel, and non-fiction.  A portion of the student’s grade is earned by accumulating Accelerated Reader points.  These points are accumulated by reading books in the Accelerated Reader program and then testing on a computerized program to measure comprehension.

Advanced English 8

This course will provide students with extended lessons focusing on grammar and literature skills as well as enhancing writing skills.  This course includes coverage of at least 3 novels.

Reading Support 8

Reading Support 8 is a selective small group remedial English class with emphasis on remedial reading skills.  Alternative forms of responding to literature predominate, but writing, speaking, thinking, and reading skills are still expected.  Projects are required for each novel, along with the traditional study guides, quizzes, and exams.  Novels, magazine, short stories, plays, vocational reading, and other reference materials are used to raise students’ reading level and build comprehension.  Students who show marked improvement may test out of the class at the end of a grading period.

Fundamentals of English 9

Fundamentals of English class will be for those students who have serious weakness in basic skills.  Low test scores and failure to grasp and apply concepts, as well as teacher recommendation, will be required for a student to be allowed into this course.  Failure due to absenteeism, being unprepared for class, or being a discipline problem will not be used to place students in this class.

The major emphasis of this class will be basic reading and writing skills.  Students will be required to be able to read for main ideas, identifying supporting details, predict, etc.  They will be required to practice writing the four types of writing – expository, narrative, descriptive, and persuasive with an organizational flow.  Remediation in sentence structure and paragraph structure will be offered.  Grammar and mechanics will be taught and then applied to the students’ writings.  Study skills will be re-visited and reinforced.

English 9

This class will consist of units in literature, writing, grammar, and mechanics.  Literature units will focus on interpretation and application of reading skills.  The writing units will focus on composition writing of the four major types, as well as organizational skills based on an introduction with thesis, body, and conclusion.  Special emphasis will be placed on expository and narrative writings.   Literature units will be based on basic genres of the short story, essays, poetry, novel, and a major drama.  Grammar and mechanic units will be taught and writings will be edited and corrects based on standard English usage.  The format and rubrics of the state reading and writing assessment tests will be addressed and practiced. 

 

Advanced English 9 *

Advanced English 9 will enable students to clearly understand and utilize correct grammar, explain the difference between denotation and connotation of vocabulary words, explain what the etymology of words is, and write topic sentences and write detail sentences to support topic sentences.  Students will also learn to write paragraphs according to standard form, write well-organized essays, and write business letters according to standard form.  Students will learn how to identify elements of a short story, identify poetic form drama, non-fiction and fiction, and identify and use reference material (e.g., dictionaries and encyclopedias).

Prerequisite:  A or B in English 8 and recommendation of the English 8 instructor.           

Fundamentals of English 10

The Fundamentals of English class will be for those students who have serious weakness in basic skills.  Low test scores and failure to grasp and apply concepts, as well as teacher recommendation, will be required for a student to be allowed into this course.  Failure due to absenteeism, being unprepared for class, or being a discipline problem will not be used to place students in this class.

This course is the sequel to Fundamentals of English 9.  Again, reading and writing skills will be emphasized and practiced.  Reading will continue to focus on comprehension and interpretation skills.  Writing will be a re-visiting of the four types of writing with an emphasis on composition format and the skills required in the state reading and writing assessment tests.  Students will re-visit the state rubrics, which will be utilized in determining, at least, some of their grades.  A smooth flow and correctness of grammar and mechanics will be required.  Units on grammar and mechanics will be covered, and a speech unit will be incorporated at this level.

 

English 10

In this class the students will focus on literature, writing, grammar, and mechanics.  World literature units on the short story, poetry, and drama will be covered.  Literary techniques and vocabulary study will accompany the literature lesson.  At least six book reports will be required throughout the year.  Writing units will be based on the four types of writing with strong emphasis on descriptive and persuasive writings.  Grammar and mechanics, particularly comma usage, will be taught and applied.  Students will practice reading and writing, using the state formats and rubrics. 

Honors English I *

Honors English I is the first in a sequence of three college preparatory classes.  In this class, emphasis is on the use of the writing process and the establishment of a resource of writings to be used throughout the year.  Students are taught introductions with thesis statements, organizational techniques, and use of support details and quotations for expository writings.  Also, creative short stories and poetry are written with an attempt to have students submit their works for publication.  Grammar instruction consists of review units on parts of speech.  Applications of grammatical concepts are utilized as students edit the writings in their portfolios.  Literature consists of units on the short story, poetry, book reports, and the Shakespearean drama of Julius Caesar; emphasis is on reading and analytical skills.  Literary terms are discussed, and the techniques are analyzed as they are found in the readings.

Prerequisite:  A or B average in Advanced English 9

 

Honors English II *

Honors English II prepares a student to be able to discuss, relate to, and understand the American culture as reflected and influenced by her literature.  Students will be expected to discuss analytically and critically American literature, and analyze literary genre such as short stories, novels, essays, sonnets, drama, lyric poems, etc.  Students will be able to identify, define, and analyze literary techniques such as figures of speech, satire, irony, etc.

Students will learn how to develop essays concerning literature read individually and as a class.  Students will develop argumentative essays reflecting sound logic and organization; organize and develop book reviews; develop precise writing; analyze and properly utilize our language effectively; and analyze, define, and utilize major means of reading comprehension

Prerequisite:         A or B average in Honors English I

 

Fundamentals of English 11

The Fundamentals of English class will be for those students who have serious weakness in basic skills.  Low test scores and failure to grasp and apply concepts, as well as teacher recommendation, will be required for a student to be allowed into this course.  Failure due to absenteeism, being unprepared for class, or being a discipline problem will not be used to place students in this class.

This is the sequel to Fundamental of English 10.  The writing elements required in the state writing and reading assessments will be re-visited and practiced.  Reading will continue to concentrate on developmental skills, as well as on remediation where necessary.   Areas of weakness in grammar and mechanics will be addressed.  During this year, students will be expected to shadow and interview for their senior project, as well as write a rough draft which reflects a knowledge of the MLA format for documentation and works cited.

 

English 11

The students will focus on American Literature.  They will be required to interpret fiction and nonfiction selections, as well as define and identify literary techniques.  Six book reports will be required throughout the school year.  Writing will address the four basic types in preparation for the state assessment tests, with persuasive writing receiving the most emphasis.  Organizational techniques and the state rubrics will be re-visited and practiced.  Grammar and mechanics will be taught and applied through the proofreading process.  Students will be expected to complete a rough copy of their Graduation Project research paper.  The emphasis will be on the MLA format and the content.

 

Honors English III *

Honors English III is a college preparatory class designed to advance critical reading and writing skills.  British literature is read and analyzed.  Most tests are analytical essays requiring the understanding of content, use of organizational skills, inclusion of supporting details and quotations, and the explanation of those details as to their relevance to the thesis of the essay.  A major research paper with parenthetical references and a works cited page is required.  During the research phase, a grammar review is focused on sentence polish and punctuation; however, any area where common errors are being made in the writings may be discussed at any time with the class or with small groups or individuals having questions or difficulty.  Letters of application to colleges and for work, resumes, college entrance essays, and contest essays are also part of the portfolio development of this class.

Prerequisite:         A or B average in Honors English II

 

Fundamentals of English 12

Fundamentals of English class will be for those students who have serious weakness in basic skills.  Low test scores and failure to grasp and apply concepts, as well as teacher recommendation, will be required for a student to be allowed into this course.  Failure due to absenteeism, being unprepared for class, or being a discipline problem will not be used to place students in this class.

The last of the Fundamentals of English classes will focus on the necessary communication skills to be an effective participant in society upon graduation.  Reading skills will be based on contracts, leases, and directions, as well as on fiction and nonfiction selections.  Writing will be continued with variations on format.  For instance, the student may be asked to write a narrative in the form of a diary, persuasion in the form of a letter to the school board, or an expositive in the form of directions, etc.  Grammar and mechanics will be addressed according to student needs.

 

English 12

Completing the proofreading and polishing needed for the Graduation Project paper will be the focus of the students during the first nine weeks.  While completing the project, students will be reviewing sentence structure and punctuation, as well as updating resumes and cover letters.  They may also write essays to submit for college applications.  The remainder of the year will focus on literature and writings, and projects based on these readings.  Students will progress from the Anglo-Saxon Period through the Twentieth Century Period.  Literary genres will include poetry, drama, essays, short stories, and a novel.  At least six book reports will be completed throughout the year.

Journalism I & II

Journalism I students will learn about the makeup of a newspaper staff and the journalistic style of writing.  They will write the various types of news articles such as the straight news article, the feature article, the editorial, and the sports article.  They will review grammar and mechanics and learn and learn to edit their own as well as others’ writings.  These students will also become part of the school newspaper staff and will be responsible for the publication of the school newspaper.  In addition, they will study the history of journalism and the changes that have taken place in mass media.

Journalism II students will be responsible for the publication of the school newspaper.  They will help with the training of the Journalism I students on the use of the computer techniques needed for publication.  These advanced students will be responsible for the layout and publication of the first newspaper of the year while the Journalism I students are still in training.  In addition, they will write articles for the school newspaper that could then be submitted for publication to local newspapers.

An additional project for Journalism is making and editing a videotape to be shown at an assembly for the student body at the end of the year.

Research 9

This 30-day intensive course will focus on research strategies and citing source materials correctly.

Speech & Debate

Students research and prepare speeches on topics of their choice.  Various speeches, including informative and persuasive speeches, are given to the class.  Similarly, classes chose debate topics and argue various points in class.

 

Drama / Literature

The class studies the history and background of various types and styles of drama presentations (e.g., theater, movies, etc.) and literature (e.g., novels, short stories, etc.).  Students will perform short plays, skits, and other dramatic presentations, and learn a variety of acting techniques.

MATHEMATICS

Math 7

Math 7 is a course for seventh graders.  The basic areas of whole numbers, fractions, decimals, percentages, word problems, geometry, measurement, and solving equations, are covered.  Emphasis is placed on establishing a sound foundation in the basic skills.

Fundamental Math

This course is designed for those students who did not score proficiently on their PSSA test.  They must pass this course and score at least 75% on all quizzes and tests in order to graduate.

Pre-Algebra & Geometry 7 / 8 *

Pre-Algebra is a course designed to bridge the gap between arithmetic and algebra.   Students will be exposed to properties of real numbers, equations and a variety of other basic algebra topics.

Prerequisite:  7th graders need to demonstrate above average mathematics ability in the elementary school.  8th graders need to have successfully completed Math 7.                       Grade level:  (7,8)

Algebra I *

This course is designed for the above-average mathematics student in 8th or 9th grade.  Topics covered include variables, equations, functions, word problems, systems of equations, and other topics typically found in an introductory algebra course up to and including the quadratic equation.

Prerequisite:  A or B in Math 7 and recommendation of the math department

Algebra 1/2

This course is the first half of Algebra I and is a one-year course.  Topics covered include variables, real numbers, linear equations, roots, polynomials, factoring, exponents, and graphing.

Prerequisite:  Successful completion of Math 8;  Grade level (9)

Algebra 2/2

Algebra 2/2 is the second half of Algebra I and is a one year course.  The Algebra 1/2 – Algebra 2/2 sequence is designed to give students one full year of algebra over a two year span.  All of the concepts of Algebra I are covered, but at a much slower pace.  Topics covered include the study of real numbers, functions, exponents, roots, polynomials, systems of equations, and quadratic functions.

Prerequisite:  Successful completion of Algebra 1\2;  Grade level (10)

Academic Geometry *

This course is designed for the potentially college-bound student.  Deductive and inductive reasoning are developed throughout the course through the nature and mechanics of mathematical proof.  This course includes plane and solid geometry, as well as some analytical geometry.  The topics covered include the study of points, lines, planes, angles, polygons, solids, areas, and volumes.

Prerequisite:  Successful completion of Algebra I or Algebra 2/2, and the recommendation of the mathematics department;  Grade level:  (9)

Algebra and Trigonometry *

This is an integrated course in algebra and trigonometry designed for the college-bound student.  Topics covered include the study of linear, quadratic, exponential, and logarithmic functions, as well as absolute value, radicals, and complex numbers.  Other topics include the fundamentals of trigonometry with emphasis on the development, use, and graphing of the trigonometric functions.

Prerequisite:  Successful completion of Geometry and the recommendation of the mathematics department;  Grade level (10)

 

Probability and Statistics

Probability and Statistics is designed for the college capable student, regardless of his chosen field of endeavor.  A working knowledge of Probability and Statistics would be beneficial to virtually all college students, as well as most vocationally-oriented students.  The course includes such topics as elementary probability, numerical data, statistical measures, binomial and normal distributions, estimation and statistical inference.  The course is computational in nature.  The use of hand-held calculators is required.

Prerequisite:  Successful completion of Algebra I or Algebra 2\2;  Grade level (10-12)

Transitional Math I

This course is designed for those students needing remediation in basic math skills.  Class enrollment is small and limited to those with a low mathematics ability level.

Prerequisite:  Recommendation of the mathematics department; Grade level (9)

Transitional Math II

This course is designed for those students who have successfully completed Transitional Math I.  The course is a review of basic everyday mathematics skills.

Prerequisite: Successful completion of Transitional Math I and the recommendation of the mathematics department; Grade level:  (10)

Consumer Math

Consumer Math is designed to give the students a background in practical mathematics.  Those students who complete the course will be introduced to material that will make them knowledgeable consumers.  Topics covered will include earning and handling money; buying a car; traveling; buying or renting a place to live; take home pay and taxes; buying clothes; recreation and health; buying food; and saving and investing money.  Calculators are permitted.

Prerequisite:         Successful completion of Algebra 1/2 and the recommendation of the mathematics department

Applied Geometry

Applied Geometry is a course geared toward students entering the work force and/or a vocational program following high school.  It will not involve rigorous proof, and will be applied in nature.  Topics will include -- but not be limited to --measurement, lines, planes, angles, parallels, perpendiculars, triangles, polygons, similarity, circles, spheres, areas, volumes, coordinate geometry, constructions and transformations.

Prerequisite:  successful completion of Algebra I or Algebra 2\2;  Grade level:  (10-12)

Applied Algebra II

Applied Algebra II is a course for students likely to enter the work force and/or enroll in a vocational program following high school.  It is an applied technical Algebra course.  Topics will include but not be limited to the following topics: functions, equations, determinants, complex numbers, trigonometric ratios, polynomials, and inequalities.

Prerequisite:  successful completion of Tech-Prep Geometry;  Grade level:  (11,12)

 

Pre-Calculus Math *

Pre-Calc is a continuation of Algebra and Trigonometry designed for students who plan to pursue a college education.  The course involves a thorough study of the elementary functions, with major emphasis on polynomial functions.  Other major topics include sequences and series, vectors, mathematical induction, conic sections, inequalities, and mathematical proofs.  Algebra, geometry and trigonometry are integrated parts of this course.

Prerequisite:  Successful completion of Algebra and Trigonometry and recommendation of the mathematics department; Grade level:  (11, 12)

 

Calculus *

This course includes the study of function notation, the theory of limits, differentiation and integration of algebraic and transcendental functions.  Many applications to physical and economic situations are studied.  At the completion of this course, students should be well prepared for college calculus.

Prerequisite:  Successful completion of Pre-Calculus and the recommendation of the mathematics department;  Grade level:  (12)


SCIENCE

 

Science 7

The seventh grade science program aims primarily to give the students an understanding of the nature of science.  The program is activity-centered, which allows students to develop and test ideas as they work with real equipment to solve problems.

Main topics covered at the seventh grade level are metric measurement, metric conversion, graphing, volume, mass, weight, density, displacement, forces, friction, work, kinetic energy, potential energy, speed, simple machines, chemical energy, heat energy, magnetism, resistance, and electrical circuits.

Applied Science 8

Applied Science 8 is a remedial course for students that need extra assistance before entering Science 9.  Topics covered will include the Nature of Science, Ecology, Biology, Physical Science, and Earth Science.   

 

Science 8

The eighth grade science class uses the Coordinated Science program, which covers a wide range of science topics, providing a foundation of science literacy for our students.  The sequence of presentation is flexible with concepts in physical, earth, space and life sciences coordinated into major subject areas related to students’ personal experiences.  Practical investigations are used whenever appropriate.  Since these students are low in academic ability, individual attention is sought.  This is why class size needs to be kept low.

Academic Science 8

Earth and Space Science is the curriculum: 1. Earth's interaction with the solar system  2. Earth's air systems  3. Earth's water systems  4. Earth's geology and geography  5. Earth's environment and environmental problems. 

 Science 9

The Science 9 class uses Investigating the Earth, a contemporary, interdisciplinary approach to the study of the earth and its environment.  Topics of current interest are incorporated in text and laboratory investigations.  The latest edition is used and reflects the newest thinking of earth and space scientists.  The main subject of the course is change from weather and the rock cycle through blatetectonics and space exploration.  The course brings out the social relevance: weather control, pollution, nuclear testing, shrinking fossil fuel reserves are examples of issues where scientists, voters, and politicians do not agree.  Students with a background in earth and space science are better prepared to be responsible citizens.

 

Biology

The biology program covers fundamental and current topics in the biological sciences.  The program begins with basic concepts and expands into broader concepts.

Main areas covered in general biology are basic chemistry, cell biology, cell theory, cell structure and function, cell transport, cell chemistry, cell reproduction, basic genetics, classifications (Kingdoms-Plant, Animal, Protista, Monera, Fungi), invertebrates, vertebrates, and organisms and the environment.

Advanced Biology *

The student will begin with a unit in classification, becoming an expert in one area of choice.  Biomolecules will then be studied including carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids using lab kits along with blood typing and urine analysis and possible field trip to a hospital lab.  The students will study DNA and protein synthesis and actually extract animal DNA and separate DNA by using electrophoresis.  Genetics and genetic engineering will be discussed, including a crime lab in DNA fingerprinting, drosophilla breeding, and genetically engineering E.Coli.  Osmosis, respiration, and photosynthesis will be discussed in detail, with labs including paper chromatography and spectroscopy.  Advanced dissection of fetal pigs and possibly cats (laboratory prepared) will occur in the later half of the year. 

Prerequisite:  Grades of at least a C  in Chemistry and a B in Biology.

Chemistry

Chemistry class at Clarion-Limestone consists of both classroom and laboratory work.  The laboratory work is used to introduce, reinforce, or summarize concepts taught in the classroom.  Some of the major concepts involved are  structure of atoms and molecules, mole concepts and problems, gas laws, oxidation and reduction, organic chemistry and radiation.  Practical, everyday uses of these concepts are taught throughout the course.


Advanced Chemistry *

Advanced Chemistry stresses biochemistry, for example, how the nervous, digestive, and respiratory systems behave.  Heavy emphasis is placed on both verbal and written research.  Current events in the medical and chemical fields are discussed.  Learning how to learn by themselves are skills taught to the students.  Laboratory work is carried to a more precise level.  Proper lab skills and techniques are a high priority.  Solution chemistry, redox, thermochemistry, physical chemistry are all included in this course.  The course ends with a special emphasis on DNA and RNA.  Included is the electrophoresis needed to find the fingerprints that link samples to the host.  This course is a weighted course and regular chemistry is a pre-requisite.

Physics *

Upon completion of the course, the student will be able to perform the following tasks: use speed and velocity to solve time displacement problems; use mathematical and/or graphing skills to solve vector problems; use the universal gravity equation to explain inverse/square law; and use the property of equilibrium to explain momentum, torque, and cirulinear motion.  The student will also be able to explain the flow of energy and processes thereof in light and sound waves; use state, ac/dc electricity to explain electrical forces as used in the home and laboratory; and learn skills needed to do laboratory experiments accurately and with precision.

Ecology *

The student will begin the course identifying ecological relationships by doing outdoor fieldwork, including quadrant and population studies.  Students will then learn about environmental water analysis by performing actual EPA processes.  Students will learn about cycles of time and matter and will do library research on an endangered species.  Students will demonstrate knowledge of a major biome by modeling.  Outside speakers such as wildlife biologists and conservation groups will be invited to speak on environmental problems.  Students will role-play to show their ability in solving ethic-environmental problems.  All major kinds of pollution will be identified using hands-on experiments.  Prerequisite:  Grades of at least a B in Biology and C in Chemistry.

Physiology and Nutrition *

Any students who are considering entering a health-related or medical field should take this course.  The intent of the class is to prepare students for the anatomy, physiology, and nutrition courses that will be required at the post-secondary level. 

Students will learn the anatomy and physiology of the systems of the body, medical technology, and how the primary nutrients affect health and disease.  Students will have an opportunity to prepare foods that reflect healthy choices.  Students will also have an opportunity to explore careers through field trips, job shadowing and guest speakers.  (Elective credit)

Principles of Technology I

This course explores the principles of physics and their application to forces, work, rate, and resistance.  Students should have satisfactorily completed Algebra 2/2.  Class activities include hands-on labs, bridge building, presentations, and powered vehicles. 

 

Principles of Technology II

This course focuses on teamwork, problem-solving, and the National Engineering Design Challenge competition.  Students are presented with a real-world problem.  There is a large component of research, design, and engineering.  Students develop partnerships with industrial leaders in the area of concentration.  Students collect data, solve equations, formulate a presentation, and fabricate a prototype.  Finally, the class competes in the regional event in late-January. 

Prerequisites are P.T. I or Physics.  Welding, design, machining, and public speaking skills are also recommended.


SOCIAL STUDIES

Geography -- 7th Grade Social Studies

Geography is conveniently divided into a variety of sections that attempt to teach about physical and political geography.

We tend to concentrate on physical geography for the majority of the year (e.g., latitude and longitude, landforms, time zones, weather, climate, elevations, the water planet, soils, vegetation, etc.)  In political geography, we start with the United States, then Canada, and Central America.  We continue to South America and, if there is sufficient time, we consider Europe and Asia.

Activities include reading maps, using charts and graphs, and developing other skills that help to make Geography more understandable.

 

Pennsylvania History

Beginning with the study of Pennsylvania’s Indians, eighth graders learn about Pennsylvania’s development to its current status in the United States.  Map study of Pennsylvania is essential, and emphasis on historical events and figures help students gain an appreciation for the state where they live.  Activities are varied and, when possible, videos are used to aid understanding Pennsylvania’s past and present role in the nation.

Civics

Eighth grade civics is designed to give students a practical knowledge of government and its role in their lives.  Although an emphasis is placed on the structure and function of the national government, students are made aware that there are four other levels of government that effect their lives.  Armed with this knowledge, students should become active citizens of their community because they have discussed and formulated activities that demonstrate the role eighth graders have as citizens.  Guest speakers are utilized so students realize that public officials are real people and are interested in students and their education.

 

American Cultures I

The course traces the flow of historical events, from the American perspective, dating from the French and Indian War through the Civil War.  The primary grade level is the freshman class (grade 9).  Current event issues are also heavily incorporated into the class structure.

 

American Cultures II

Beginning with the Spanish-American War at the turn of the century, students trace the development of the United States from a comparatively prosperous, but isolated country, to the world’s only “Super-Power.”  Beyond the analysis of great events and great leaders, students gain an appreciation of the importance of cultural diversity, geography, democratic values, economics, global relations, and technology in shaping America’s past, present and future.  Lecture, reading, film and team-review format.

World Cultures

The World Cultures classes are designed to illustrate the meaning of culture to eleventh graders by first studying the basics of all cultures – geography, religion, and government.  With these basics, students proceed to apply their knowledge to specific cultures – China, Latin America, and Europe.  While studying these cultures, additions of music, food, history, education, and life style are investigated, therefore giving a more in-depth look at areas of the world that students may encounter in their careers.  A variety of activities are utilized including research, cooperative learning groups, games, oral reports, mind maps, skits, and food preparation and tasting.  When the year ends, students should have an understanding of cultures that are different from their own, but realize that other cultures have an influence on their own.

Sociology

This is an elective taken by students in grades 11-12.  It is a semester course with .5 credit value.  The study of human relationships -- with a strong emphasis on the family -- is intensely investigated.  Outside professional human resources are utilized in aiding students to gain an appreciation for their immediate future.  This course is strongly suggested for every student desiring to gain some valuable, relevant information applicable to every-day life.

Psychology

Psychology on the high school level (11-12 grades) is a very basic overview of the definition of psychology and how it has been used to research why humans behave in the manner that they behave.  Students learn who and what the most well known psychologists such as Piaget, Skinner, Watson, Kohlberg, and Freud theorized, said, and did for the study of psychology.  Class discussion is encouraged, and is helpful in making the class more interesting.  Speakers are also brought in so students can see the application of psychology, as well as career opportunities.  Students do not come away from the class being able to diagnose problems of others, but should have a better understanding why humans behave the way that they do.

 

Economics

The purpose of the economics class is for juniors and seniors to understand how economics touches everyone’s life.  This is accomplished by first defining the term economics, then looking at its application to such topics as supply and demand, the role of prices, opportunity cost, costs and benefits, free enterprise, market economy, and banking.  Students use critical thinking skills to help them better understand the role of economics in their present world and in the future.  Guest speakers are used to enhance the topics as well as provide possible career opportunities.

 

Current Problems

Students utilizing the daily newspaper (USA TODAY) and taped network news segments, to follow major events, personalities, and issues.  A discussion format is followed in class.  Students are instrumental in determining the direction of the class and event topics.

 

Street Law

A rather new approach to law-related education, this course is designed to provide practical information and problem-solving opportunities that may help students develop the knowledge and skills necessary for survival in today’s highly legalistic society.   Curriculum includes case studies, visual analysis activities, small group exercises, and, if possible, community resource people to answer questions.

The tests provide information, practical advice, and competency-building activities designed to provide students with the ability to analyze, evaluate, and possibly resolve legal questions.

Major topics that are covered include the legal system, criminal law, juvenile justice, torts (civil law), consumer law, family law, and individual rights and liberties (constitutional law).


FOREIGN LANGUAGE

 

Spanish 7

Spanish 7 is a sixty-day exploratory language course in which all 7th graders are required to enroll.  Supplemental material and the first two mini-lessons from the text are covered.  The content consists of the Spanish alphabet and its pronunciation, familiar vs. formal introductions, opening and closing conversational greetings, expressions of courtesy, and polite commands.  In addition, Spanish countries and capitals are presented. Historic and cultural topics are discussed, and a family descriptive poster is a mandatory requirement. 

Spanish 8

Spanish 8 is a year-long elective course.  The content consists of classroom vocabulary, Spanish geography, occupations, family vocabulary, numbers, time, calendar, weather, colors, formal commands, regular and irregular verbs, and additional formal and informal greetings.  Historical and culture topics are discussed.  The final grade is determined by oral and aural comprehension evaluations, quizzes, tests, mid-term, final exams and homework which includes test, workbook, and worksheet assignments.  Successful completion of Spanish 7 (C or better) is a prerequisite to enroll in this course.


Spanish I

Spanish I is a year-long elective course.  The early lesson content consists of mastering several adjective pairs, regular and irregular adjective comparisons, and demonstrative adjectives and pronouns.  Subsequent lessons cover the entire present tense of regular and irregular verbs, subject pronouns, placement of adjectives, expressions using tense, pronouns following prepositions, and two vocabulary lists per lesson.  Historical and cultural topics are discussed  Successful completion of Spanish 8 is a prerequisite to enroll in this course.

Spanish II

Spanish II is an all year elective course. The content consists of Spanish possession, singular and plural possessive adjectives, present tense of “go-go” verbs, types of verbs that proceed and follow preposition “A,” double negatives, singular and plural direct and indirect object pronouns and their position, usage of two object pronouns, present tense stem-changing verbs, and reflexive verbs.  Historical and cultural topics are also discussed. Successful completion of Spanish I (C or better) is a prerequisite to enroll in this course.

Spanish III *

Spanish III is an all year elective course.  The content consists of – among other material -- the past tense of irregular, stem-changing verbs; regular and imperfect past tense of verbs; present progressive tense; present participle endings of AR, ER, and IR verbs; present, preterite and imperfect conjugations of “seguir” and its meanings; singular and plural formal commands; position of direct, indirect and reflexive object pronouns in commands; and the two forms of the “Let’s” command.  Historical and cultural topics are also discussed.  Oral and aural comprehension evaluations, vocabulary and grammar quizzes, workbook tests, primer tests, and chapter test determine performance for each lesson. Additional practice homework, workbook assignments, worksheets, midterm and final exam will be part of the course grade.  Successful completion of Spanish II (C or better) is a prerequisite to enroll in this course.

Spanish IV *

Spanish IV is a year-long elective course.  The content consists of a thorough, yet swift review of articles, contractions, present tense (regular, irregular, and stem-changing verbs), formal commands, object pronouns (direct, indirect, and reflexive) used alone or together and their position.  Also covered are regular and irregular present subjunctive, reflexives and verb meaning changes; regular and irregular familiar commands; past participles; present perfect tense; present perfect subjunctive; and future and conditional tense.  Historical and cultural topics are discussed.  Comprehension evaluations, vocabulary and grammar quizzes, workbook tests, primer tests, and chapter tests determine performance for each lesson.  A major unit test is given after every four lessons.  Additional practice homework, workbook assignments, worksheets, midterm and final exam will be part of the course grade.

 


French 7

French 7 is a 60 day exploratory class designed to teach French pronunciation, basic French phrases, and fundamental concepts, including numbers from 1-20 and agreement of articles and adjectives.  Application of French pronunciation is utilized as the students pronounce the dialogues included in Unit 1.  Basic grammatical concepts are also learned throughout comprehension of the dialogues.  Written homework, quizzes, notebook checks, and tests are included in the final grade evaluation.  Most quizzes and tests require translation from English to French.  French 7 is a required class for all 7th grade students.

 

French 8

French 8 is an introductory elective class beginning where French 7 concluded.  Students are taught the next series of basic concepts including colors, subject pronouns, and regular verb conjugation.  Vocabulary in Unit 2 reinforces sports in France.  In Unit 3, students learn plural articles and adjectives, two irregular verbs, negation, and numbers from 20 – 99,999.  Vocabulary in Unit 3 introduces pastimes while vocabulary in Unit 4 focuses on the French school system.  Unit 4 teaches the students another irregular verb, telling time, contractions, commands, and irregular adjectives.  Written homework, quizzes, and tests require translation from English to French and comprise the final grade evaluation.  Students are also evaluated on speaking grades on the dialogues.

French I

French I is the first in a sequence of four college preparatory classes.  French I is designed in succession to French 8 and includes Units 5-8.  Students learn two irregular verbs, question formation, indicating amount, regular “ir” infinitives, and expressing immediate future in Unit 5.  Unit 6 emphasizes vocabulary utilized in talking on the telephone and represents a review of material from Units 1-5.  Unit 7 teaches adjective position, possessive adjectives, negative phrases, and independent pronouns. This unit also emphasizes vocabulary concerning the family.  In Unit 8 students are taught expressions of quantity, an irregular verb, indirect object pronouns and vocabulary which includes food items.  Students are evaluated on speaking grades and dialogues. Grading includes written homework, dialogue, quizzes, and tests.

 

French II

French II is the second in a sequence of four college preparatory classes.  French II is intended as the succession to French I and includes Units 9-12.  Unit 9 teaches past tense, two irregular verbs, and the direct object pronoun “en.”  In Unit 10 students are taught ordinal numbers, two irregular verbs, direct and indirect object pronoun, and agreement in past tense.  Unit 11 emphasizes past tense with the helping verb etre, an irregular verb, and the object pronoun “y.”  Unit 12 represents a review unit of material covered in Units 7-11. Vocabulary from Units 9-12 includes topics such as attending a party and writing a letter.  Paris and its suburbs is discussed.  Written homework, quizzes, tests, speaking grades on dialogues are included in the final grade evaluation.  Upon completion of French II, students attain the two year foreign language requirement for many college.

 

French III *

French III is the third in a sequence of four college preparatory classes.  Resuming where French II ended, French III includes Units 13-16.  In Unit 14, grammatical concepts are covered, in addition to reflexive verbs, interrogative adjectives, interrogative pronouns, demonstrative pronouns and stem-changing verbs.  Included in Unit 15 are past tense of reflexive verbs and contractions with interrogative pronouns, while Unit 16 teaches an irregular verb, adjectives which precede the noun, and the imperfect verb tense.  Students are also required to keep a written daily journal in French which is periodically graded throughout the year.  The journal reflects the student’s ability to utilize French dictionaries and to incorporate the grammar mastered throughout the year.  Journals, written homework, quizzes, and tests require translation from English to French and comprise the final grade evaluation.  Students are also evaluated on speaking grades on each dialogue.

French IV *

French IV is the last in a sequence of college preparatory classes.  Resuming where French III ended, French IV includes units 17-24.  Grammatical concepts included in units 17-20 are irregular verbs, past tense vs. imperfect tense, interrogative pronouns, and verb and infinitive.  From units 21-24, concepts include future tense, prepositive and infinitive, conditional verb tense, Si clauses, and possessive pronouns. 

During the final nine weeks, students are expected to read a novel in French, translate the novel in English, and answer questions in French concerning the novel.  Translating the French novel into English is a group project resulting in similar grades.  Students are individually graded on answering the questions about the novel.  Written homework, quizzes, tests, and the French novel require translation from English to French and comprise the final grade evaluation.


BUSINESS

Exploratory Business

Exploratory Business introduces 9th graders to computers, typing, business calculations, speedwriting, accounting, filing, telephone techniques, and much more.

 

Word Processing (Typing I)

Students are taught to type without looking at their fingers, learn the proper format for memos, charts, personal and business letters, and envelopes, Students also learn Word Perfect, and do actual work from a business.

 

Word Processing (Typing II) 

More advanced features are taught in Word Perfect 5.1 and 6.0.

Speedwriting ½

One semester introduction to speedwriting – a way to take notes quickly and efficiently.

Speedwriting I

Speedwriting is a way to take notes quickly, effectively, and efficiently by using our own alphabet.  Good for college bound students as well as students interest in business school.

Speedwriting II

Students will concentrate on faster speeds, along with practical experience.

Business Calculations

Students are trained to use a 10-key electronic calculator, solve simple math problems, calculate invoice purchase orders, and complete all other preprinted business forms.  Students also learn how to reconcile checkbook, payroll, and tax deductions.

Office Practice

Students typically work under the day-to-day supervision of the High School Administrative Office Staff and the Business Instructor.  Students enrolled in this class will practice a wide variety of secretarial duties, as delegated by the office staff.  Enrollment in this class is specifically by recommendation of office personnel.

Bookkeeping I

Easy to learn, step-by-step, introductory accounting course.

Bookkeeping II

Bookkeeping II provides more practice with accounting to improve students’ bookkeeping skills.

 

Advanced Accounting *

Advanced Accounting is an excellent course for those students who are very interested in pursuing a higher-level business degree following high school.

Webpage Design

A full year course that allows the student to explore appropriate web design.  The student will learn the software "Dreamweaver".  Students will build several types of web pages and also update the school's website.

Computer Applications

A year long course for students in grades 9-12 gives the students detailed exploration and instruction in Microsoft Office. 


Family and Consumer Science

 

7th Grade Foods

This course teaches basic nutrition and kitchen and food safety.  Students also learn to measure ingredients, read and follow recipes and use kitchen equipment.  Labs designed to demonstrate knowledge of these skills are a large part of the class.  The students prepare various quick breads, breakfast foods and beverages.  Table setting and use of the stove and various small appliances are part of the curriculum also.

8th Grade Foods

The students learn more detailed nutrition concepts, such as how to choose healthy fast foods.  They prepare small lunches, choosing some recipes from cookbooks.  They also learn how to convert measurements and equivalents and more advanced table settings.  Their labs make use of the microwave to cook foods and they also complete a cookie unit.

Exploratory Cooking

This course emphasizes cooking skills with cakes, pies, yeast breads, candy molding, frozen desserts, fruits and vegetables, salads and pastas prepared in labs.  The nutrition emphasis is on fats in the diet.  The students also become proficient in menu planning and learn how to shop for groceries, including unit pricing.

 

Culinary Arts I

This course introduces students to the commercial food industry.  The course content and labs will expand upon those topics learned in Exploratory Cooking.  Students will have an opportunity to meet entrepreneurs in the food industry, as well as to have an opportunity to complete job shadowing experiences. 

 

Culinary Arts II

Students learn more a